Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 30
Filter
1.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 117: e210130, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1386360

ABSTRACT

Chagas disease (CD) still imposes a heavy burden on most Latin American countries. Vector-borne and mother-to-child transmission cause several thousand new infections per year, and at least 5 million people carry Trypanosoma cruzi. Access to diagnosis and medical care, however, is far from universal. Starting in the 1990s, CD-endemic countries and the Pan American Health Organization-World Health Organization (PAHO-WHO) launched a series of multinational initiatives for CD control-surveillance. An overview of the initiatives' aims, achievements, and challenges reveals some key common themes that we discuss here in the context of the WHO 2030 goals for CD. Transmission of T. cruzi via blood transfusion and organ transplantation is effectively under control. T. cruzi, however, is a zoonotic pathogen with 100+ vector species widely spread across the Americas; interrupting vector-borne transmission seems therefore unfeasible. Stronger surveillance systems are, and will continue to be, needed to monitor and control CD. Prevention of vertical transmission demands boosting current efforts to screen pregnant and childbearing-aged women. Finally, integral patient care is a critical unmet need in most countries. The decades-long experience of the initiatives, in sum, hints at the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne T. cruzi transmission in the Americas. The concept of disease control seems to provide a more realistic description of what can in effect be achieved by 2030.

2.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 116: e200528, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1154881

ABSTRACT

Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811) is the triatomine with the largest geographic distribution in Latin America. It has been reported in 18 countries from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Caribbean islands. Although most reports indicate that P. geniculatus has wild habitats, this species has intrusive habits regarding human dwellings mainly located in intermediate deforested areas. It is attracted by artificial light from urban and rural buildings, raising the risk of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite the wide body of published information on P. geniculatus, many knowledge gaps exist about its biology and epidemiological potential. For this reason, we analysed the literature for P. geniculatus in Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar and the BibTriv3.0 databases to update existing knowledge and provide better information on its geographic distribution, life cycle, genetic diversity, evidence of intrusion and domiciliation, vector-related circulating discrete taxonomic units, possible role in oral T. cruzi transmission, and the effect of climate change on its biology and epidemiology.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Panstrongylus/genetics , Panstrongylus/parasitology , Triatoma/parasitology , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification , Chagas Disease/transmission , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Panstrongylus/physiology , Phylogeny , Genetic Variation/genetics , Biology , Genes, Insect , Ecology , Genotype , Geography , Insect Vectors/genetics , Latin America
3.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 110(3): 283-288, 05/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-745983

ABSTRACT

Rhodnius prolixus, a blood-sucking triatomine with domiciliary anthropophilic habits, is the main vector of Chagas disease. The current paradigm of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in Columbia includes a sylvatic and domiciliary cycle co-existing with domestic and sylvatic populations of reservoirs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the population densities and relative abundance of triatomines and mammals that may be involved in the sylvatic cycle of Chagas disease to clarify the epidemiological scenario in an endemic area in the province of Casanare. Insect vectors on Attalea butyracea palms were captured using both manual searches and bait traps. The capture of mammals was performed using Sherman and Tomahawk traps. We report an infestation index of 88.5% in 148 palms and an index of T. cruzi natural infection of 60.2% in 269 dissected insects and 11.9% in 160 captured mammals. High population densities of triatomines were observed in the sylvatic environment and there was a high relative abundance of reservoirs in the area, suggesting a stable enzootic cycle. We found no evidence of insect domiciliation. Taken together, these observations suggest that eco-epidemiological factors shape the transmission dynamics of T. cruzi, creating diverse scenarios of disease transmission.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Chagas Disease/transmission , Insect Vectors/classification , Mammals/parasitology , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification , Colombia , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Population Density
4.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 109(6): 828-833, 09/09/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-723996

ABSTRACT

This opinion piece presents an approach to standardisation of an important aspect of Chagas disease drug discovery and development: selecting Trypanosoma cruzi strains for in vitro screening. We discuss the rationale for strain selection representing T. cruzi diversity and provide recommendations on the preferred parasite stage for drug discovery, T. cruzi discrete typing units to include in the panel of strains and the number of strains/clones for primary screens and lead compounds. We also consider experimental approaches for in vitro drug assays. The Figure illustrates the current Chagas disease drug-discovery and development landscape.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Drug Discovery , Trypanocidal Agents/therapeutic use , Trypanosoma cruzi/classification , Biodiversity , Clinical Trials as Topic , Chagas Disease/parasitology , Life Cycle Stages/drug effects , Neglected Diseases/drug therapy , Neglected Diseases/parasitology , Species Specificity , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics , Trypanosoma cruzi/growth & development
5.
Infectio ; 15(4): 227-234, oct.-dic. 2011. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-649978

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La enfermedad de Chagas, cuyo agente causal es Trypanosoma cruzi, constituye una antropozoonosis ampliamente distribuida en América Latina. Los estudios moleculares y los perfiles genéticos han demostrado que el parásito presenta una gran variabilidad y han permitido la clasificación de T. cruzi en seis unidades discretas de tipificación (I-VI), de las cuales, TcII a TcVI han sido ampliamente caracterizadas por distintos marcadores moleculares. Objetivo. Evaluar la variabilidad genética de TcI, mediante el uso de marcadores de microsatélites. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron siete microsatélites en quince aislamientos colombianos obtenidos mediante PCR a partir de reservorios, vectores y humanos, y se analizaron en un gel para desnaturalizar de poliacrilamida de un secuenciador láser fluorescente automático (ALF). Los datos se analizaron en un software para análisis de genética de poblaciones (Arlequin® 3.1 y Microsat®). Resultados. Los resultados demostraron variabilidad dentro de TcI al obtener 24 alelos, de los cuales, 12 se reportan por primera vez. Aunque se encontraron genotipos asociados a la infección humana y al ciclo selvático de transmisión, ningún locus permitió comprobar la presencia de los genotipos previamente reportados. Los parámetros de heterocigocidad observada y esperada, permitieron determinar la presencia de dos poblaciones (aislamientos domésticos y selváticos); asimismo, el desequilibrio de ligamento facilitó la creación de dos mapas físicos para los loci analizados. Conclusiones. Se corrobora la gran variabilidad genética presente en TcI, lo que sugiere un patrón de variación intraespecífica en Colombia.


Introduction: Chagas disease which is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major public health problem in Latin American countries with a different distribution of the parasite across the continent in which nearly 15 million people are infected and 28 million are at risk. Genetic profiling of T. cruzi has shown great diversity and variability of the parasite allowing its classification into six discrete typing units (DTUs I-VI) in which TcII to TcVI are well characterized by different molecular markers. However, the presence of four subgroups according to the transmission cycle has only been reported in DTU T. cruzi I. Objective: To evaluate the genetic variability evidenced within TCI by the use of microsatellite markers. Materials and methods: Seven microsatellite loci were tested in fifteen Colombian isolates from vectors, reservoirs, and humans by means of PCR and automatic laser fluorescent sequencer (ALF). Data were analyzed using a population genetic data analysis software (Arlequin® 3.1 and Microsat®). Results: Variability among the isolates was demonstrated with 24 alleles, from which twelve had never been reported before. However, none of the microsatellite loci were able to support the idea of genotypes within TcI strains. The parameters of expected and observed heterozygocity allowed us to determine presence of two populations (domestic and sylvatic isolates); likewise, the linkage disequilibrium helped with the construction of two physical maps for the loci analyzed. Conclusions: We corroborated the high genetic variability displayed by TcI populations suggesting a pattern of intraspecific variation in Colombia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Trypanosoma cruzi , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Chagas Disease , Genetics , Software , Genetic Markers , Linkage Disequilibrium , Risk , Colombia , Rosaceae , Alleles , Lasers
6.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 105(2): 216-219, Mar. 2010. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-544628

ABSTRACT

The breeding sites of Culicoides pachymerus are described for the first time in western Boyacá Province, Colombia, where this species is a public health problem. In addition to being a nuisance due to its enormous density and its high biting rates, C. pachymerus cause dermatological problems in the human population. Analysis of microhabitats by the sugar flotation technique and the use of emergence traps allowed us to recover 155 larvae of Culicoides spp and 65 adults of C. pachymerus from peridomiciliary muddy substrates formed by springs of water and constant rainwater accumulation. These important findings could aid in the design of integrated control meas-ures against this pest.


Subject(s)
Animals , Breeding , Ceratopogonidae/classification , Ecosystem , Colombia , Ceratopogonidae/physiology , Larva , Population Density , Seasons
7.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 104(supl.1): 71-75, July 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-520868

ABSTRACT

Over the last 10 years, Uruguay, Chile and Brazil have been certified as being free from disease transmission by Triatoma infestans, the main domiciliated vector for Chagas disease in the Southern Cone countries. This demonstrates that programmes addressing the vector for the disease's transmission are effective. These programmes have resulted in a dramatic decrease in the incidence of Chagas disease in Latin America. Guatemala was certified a few months ago as being free from disease transmission by Rhodnius prolixus, the main domiciliated vector for Chagas disease in Central American countries. However, the main concern for different countries' current control programmes is the continuity and sustainability of future vector control actions. The prevalence and incidence figures for individuals infected by Trypanosoma cruzi in Mexico and Andean and Central American countries highlights the need for broadened strategies in the struggle against the disease and its vectors. A number of triatomine insects are parasite vectors, each with a different life history. Therefore, it is important that new vector control strategies be proposed, keeping in mind that some species are found in peridomiciliary areas and wild ecotopes. The only viable control strategy is to reduce human interactions with vector insects so that the re-infestation and re-colonisation of human habitats will not take place.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Chagas Disease/prevention & control , Insect Control/methods , Insect Vectors/physiology , Risk Assessment , Triatominae/physiology , Americas , Chagas Disease/transmission , Housing , Insect Vectors/classification , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Risk Factors , Trypanosoma cruzi , Triatominae/classification , Triatominae/parasitology
8.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 103(5): 477-482, Aug. 2008. graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-491978

ABSTRACT

The bionomics of sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) was studied monthly for two consecutive years in alluvial gallery forests in the department of Casanare, Northeastern Colombia. A total of 2,365 specimens and 10 species were captured using CDC light traps and Shannon traps, and from diurnal resting places, and human landing collections. Lutzomyia fairtigi Martins (55 percent), Lutzomyia micropyga (Mangabeira) (20.9 percent), and Lutzomyia antunesi (Coutinho) (13.5 percent) were the predominant species in the region. Lutzomyia flaviscutellata and Lutzomyia panamensis, potential vectors of Leishmania in Colombia and neighboring countries, were also collected, but in low numbers. Lu. fairtigi is an endemic species to Colombia, and minimal data are available on its biology and distribution. The present study provides additional information about Lu. fairtigi, such as the diurnal activity displayed by females on cloudy days, the greater density during the rainy season (April to October), marked anthropophilia, and the presence of flagellates in the midgut of one female.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Insect Vectors/classification , Psychodidae/classification , Seasons , Trees , Colombia , Leishmaniasis/transmission , Population Density
9.
Rev. MED ; 16(1): 11-18, jun. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637130

ABSTRACT

La tripanosomiasis americana es una enfermedad antropozoonótica causada por Trypanosoma cruzi, parásito flagelado que se anida y se reproduce principalmente en el tejido cardíaco. Se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en el continente americano y en Colombia se estima que un 2% al 3% de la población está infectado y que cerca del 5% está bajo riesgo de adquirir la infección, debido a la amplia distribución de los insectos triatominos, sus vectores. El presente estudio reporta la seroprevalencia para T. cruzi en perros (Canis familiaris) de dos áreas rurales endémicas del departamento de Boyacá usando la técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) y la caracterización molecular de las cepas aisladas. Se procesaron 261 muestras de sueros de perros de diferentes edades obtenidas en los municipios de Soatá y Berbeo. La detección de anticuerpos anti-T. cruzi se realizó mediante la técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). Se realizó xenodiagnóstico a 185 perros con cuatro resultados positivos, de los que se aislaron tres cepas, caracterizadas molecularmente como T. cruzi 1 (TC-I) por medio de la amplificación del gene miniexon. Los análisis estadísticos mostraron asociaciones significativas entre características de las viviendas tales como el tipo de pared, techo, piso y presencia de anexos con el número de perros positivos para T. cruzi. Un total de 10,72% de los sueros procesados fueron positivos, 11,29% en Soatá y 9,5% en Berbeo. Este primer trabajo sobre prevalencia de perros infectados con T. cruzi en Colombia revela la importancia epidemiológica de estos animales como reservorios y la caracterización molecular de los aislados contribuye al entendimiento de la dinámica de transmisión del parásito...


American Trypanosomiasis is an antropozoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. This protozoan widely distributed in the Americas invades and multiplies mainly in the cardiac tissue. In Colombia, 2%-3% of the population is infected with the parasite and nearly 5% is under risk due to the widely distribution of the triatomine vectors. This study reports in two endemic zones of Boyaca (Colombia) the prevalence of T. cruzi in dogs (Cannis familiaris) using indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFI) and the molecular characterization of strains isolated by xenodiagnosis. 261 sera from mongrel dogs of all ages where obtained from the locations of Soata and Berbeo. The detection of antibodies against T. cruzi was performed by IFI, xenodiagnosis was performed in 185 dogs. Four dogs resulted positive and three different strains were isolated and characterized as T. cruzi 1 (TC-I) by the miniexon gene amplification. Statistical analyses showed significant associations between house characteristics such as type of walls, ceiling and floor with the number of infected dogs. A total of 10,7% of all processed sera were positive, being 11,2% from Soata and 9,5% from Berbeo. This first approach to determine the prevalence of infected dogs with T. cruzi in Colombia reveals the epidemiological importance of dogs as reservoirs of this parasite that may help to batter understand the dynamics of the parasite transmission and life cycle...


A tripanossomose americana é uma doença antropozoonótica causada por Trypanosoma cruzi, parasito flagelado que se aninha e se reproduz principalmente no tecido cardíaco. Encontra-se amplamente distribuída no continente americano e em Colômbia se estima que um 2% ao 3% da população está infectado e que cerca do 5% está sob risco de adquirir a infecção, devido à ampla distribuição dos insetos triatominos, seus vetores. O presente estudo reporta a seroprevalência para T. cruzi em cachorros (Canis familiaris) de duas áreas rurais endêmicas do departamento de Boyacá e a caracterização molecular das cepas isoladas. Se processaram 261 mostras de soros de cachorros de diferentes idades obtidas nos municípios de Soatá e Berbeo. A detecção de anticorpos anti-T. cruzi se realizou mediante a técnica de inmunofluorescencia indireta (IFI). Se realizou xenodiagnóstico a 185 cachorros com quatro resultados positivos, dos que se isolaram três cepas, caracterizadas molecularmente como TC I por meio da amplificação do gene miniexon. As análises estatísticas mostraram associações significativas entre características das moradias tais como o tipo de parede, teto, andar e presença de anexos com o número de cachorros positivos para T. cruzi. Um total de 10,72% dos soros processados foram positivos, 11,29% em Soatá e 9,5% em Berbeo. Este primeiro trabalho sobre prevalência de cachorros infectados com T. cruzi em Colômbia revela a importância epidemiológica destes animais como reservatórios e a caracterização molecular dos isolados contribui ao entendimento da dinâmica de transmissão do parasita...


Subject(s)
Dogs , Dog Diseases , Dogs , Trypanosomiasis , Trypanosomiasis/veterinary
10.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 102(supl.1): 29-38, Oct. 2007. graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-466760

ABSTRACT

The Andean Countries' Initiative (ACI) for controlling Chagas disease was officially created in 1997 within the framework of the Hipolito Unanue Agreement (UNANUE) between the Ministries of Health of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its objective was to interrupt transmission via vector and transfusion in the region, taking into account that there are 12.5 million people at risk in the four Andean countries forming the initiative in the area and around 3 million people are infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. The progress of control activities for the vector species present in the Andean sub-region, for different reasons, has been slow and control interventions have still not been installed in all geographical areas occupied by the target species. This has been partly due to lack of knowledge about these vector populations' biological characteristics, and consequent uncertainty about which are the appropriate control measures and strategies to be implemented in the region. The main vector species present important similarities in Venezuela and Colombia and in Ecuador and Northern Peru and they can be approached in a similar way throughout the whole regions, basing approaches on and adapting them to the current strategies being developed in Venezuela during the 1960s which have been progressively adopted in the Southern Cone and Central-American region. Additional measures are needed for keeping endemic areas free from Rhodnius prolixus silvatic populations, widely spread in the Orinoco region in Colombia and Venezuela. Regarding aetiological treatment, it is worth mentioning that (with the exception of Colombia) none of the other countries forming the ACI have registered medicaments available for treating infected young people. There are no suitable follow-up programmes in the sub-region or for treating cases of congenital Chagas disease. An integral and integrated programme encompassing all the aspects including transmission by transfusion...


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Chagas Disease/prevention & control , Insect Control , Insect Vectors , Triatominae , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/transmission , Colombia/epidemiology , Ecuador/epidemiology , International Cooperation , Population Surveillance , Peru/epidemiology , Venezuela/epidemiology
11.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 27(supl.1): 142-162, ene. 2007. mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-475380

ABSTRACT

La presente publicación recopila la información de registros de triatominos y datos sobre infección natural con tripanosomátidos a nivel departamental y municipal, publicada hasta la fecha así como la reportada por los servicios departamentales de salud e institutos de investigación. Se presentan figuras elaboradas de acuerdo a la información suministrada por los registros y una clasificación de la fauna triatomínica de acuerdo a las condiciones ecoepidemiológicas del país, teniendo en cuenta la altitud como factor determinante en la distribución de estos insectos. Teniendo en cuenta la frecuencia con que se reportan en el domicilio y peridomicilio, se consideran las siguientes especies como las de mayor riesgo de transmisión en Colombia: Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma maculata y Triatoma venosa. Se resalta la importancia de la vigilancia entomológica como herramienta indispensable para reforzar las estrategias de control de la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas, permitiendo también la evaluación del riesgo que representan las especies de triatominos silvestres en Colombia.


Information concerning triatomine records from provinces and municipalities was accumulated— including data indicating natural infections with trypanosomatides—that has been previously published or reported by Colombian provincial health services and research institutes. Altitude appeared to be the main factor responsible for the distribution of the insects. Illustrations summarize the information provided by the above records. A triatomine fauna classification is presented that corresponds to the eco-epidemiological conditions of the country, considering altitude as the factor determining the geographical distribution of these vectors. Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma maculata and Triatoma venosa are considered the major transmission risk species in Colombia, according to the frequency in which they are reported inside dwellings and peridomiciliary areas. Entomological surveillance providess a necessary tool to reinforce the control strategies for Chagas disease. This also allows the evaluation of transmission risk that the sylvatic triatomines represent in Colombia.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Pest Control, Biological , Triatominae , Vector Control of Diseases , Geographic Locations
12.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 27(supl.1): 101-109, ene. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-475382

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Rhodnius colombiensis ocasionalmente ingresa a las viviendas humanas por lo cual se ha sugerido que podría desempeñar un importante papel en la transmisión de la tripanosomiasis americana. Objetivo. Definir el desempeño de R. colombiensis como vector, comparando los patrones de alimentación y defecación con los de R. prolixus, el principal vector domiciliado de Trypanosoma cruzi en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Para cada estadio de R. colombiensis y R. prolixus se estudió el tiempo promedio para iniciar la picada, el tiempo para alcanzar la repleción, el número de interrupciones y defecaciones durante la comida, el tiempo transcurrido entre el fin de la alimentación y la primera defecación, el número de defecaciones durante 10, 60 y 95 min después de la comida y la cantidad de sangre ingerida. Resultados. El tiempo promedio para iniciar la picada de las ninfas N5, machos y hembras presentaron diferencias significativas entre las dos especies. El promedio de defecaciones por insecto durante los 10 min después de la alimentación fue mayor para cada estadio de R. prolixus y presentó diferencias significativas con R. colombiensis. Por otro lado, el peso promedio de sangre ingerida por R. colombiensis y R. prolixus en cada estadio presentó diferencias significativas en N1, N2, N5 y hembras. Conclusión.R. colombiensis presenta menor número de defecaciones que R. prolixus durante la comida. Un mayor porcentaje de R. prolixus defecan durante los 10, 60 y 95 min después de la alimentación. Sin embargo, R. colombiensis permanece mayor tiempo asociado al hospedero vertebrado, lo cual aumentaría la probabilidad de transmisión teniendo en cuenta el ingreso ocasional de los adultos a las viviendas humanas y sus elevadas prevalencias con T. cruzi y T. rangeli.


Introduction. Rhodnius colombiensis occasionally comes into human dwellings and consequently its role as an important potential vector in the transmission of American trypanosomiasis has been suggested. Objective. The potential role of R. colombiensis as vector was defined by comparing the feeding and defecation patterns between R. colombiensis and R. prolixus, the main domiciliary vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in Colombia. Materials and methods. For each developmental stage of R. colombiensis and R. prolixus the following data were collected: (1) time of feeding initiation, (2) the time for reaching the repletion, (3) the number of interruptions and defecations during the feeding, (4) the time between the end of the feeding and the first defecation, (5) the number of defecations during 10, 60 and 95 minutes of observation after feeding, and (6) the quantity of blood ingested. Results. The mean time of feeding initiation of the fifth instar nymphs, males and females, showed significant differences between the two species. The average of insects that defecated within 10 minutes after feeding was higher for each successive stage of R. prolixus and showed significant differences with Rhodnius colombiensis. In contrast, the mean weight of blood ingested by each stage of R. colombiensis and R. prolixus was significantly different between the N1, N2, N5 and females of these species. Conclusion. Rhodnius colombiensis produced fewer defecations than R. prolixus during feeding. A higher percentage of R. prolixus defecated within 10, 60 and 95 minutes after feeding. However, R. colombiensis remains a longer time in contact with the vertebrate host, thus raising the probability of its role in transmission considering its occasional entry to human dwellings and its higher prevalences of infection withT. cruzi and T. rangeli.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Rhodnius/growth & development , Rhodnius/physiology , Trypanosoma cruzi/growth & development , Defecation
13.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 101(1): 39-45, Feb. 2006. ilus, tab, mapas
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-430838

ABSTRACT

Triatoma venosa presents a restricted geographical distribution in America and is considered as a secondary vector of Chagas disease in Colombia and Ecuador. A total of 120 adult insects were collected in domestic and peridomestic habitats in an endemic area of the department of Boyacá, Colombia, in order to determine their genetic structure through morphometric and molecular techniques. The head and wings of each specimen were used for the analyses of size, shape, and sexual dimorphism. A significant sexual dimorphism was found, although no differences in size among the studied groups were detected. Differences were found in the analyzed structures except for male heads. DNA was extracted from the legs in order to carry out the internal transcriber space-2 (ITS-2) amplification and the randon amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses. Length polymorphisms were not detected in the ITS-2. Fst and Nm values were estimated (0.047 and 3.4, respectively). The high genetic flow found among the insects captured in the domicile and peridomiciliary environment does not permit a genetic differentiation, thus establishing the peridomicile as an important place for epidemiological surveillance.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics , Insect Vectors/genetics , Sex Characteristics , Triatoma/genetics , Genetics, Population , Insect Vectors/anatomy & histology , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique , Triatoma/anatomy & histology
14.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 98(4): 435-442, June 2003. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-344231

ABSTRACT

Trypanosoma rangeli, a parasite generally considered non-pathogenic for man, is the second species of human trypanosome to be reported from the New World. The geographical distribution of T. rangeli often overlaps with that of T. cruzi, the same vertebrate and invertebrate hosts being infected. Their differentiation thus becomes of real, practical importance, particularly as they share approximately half the antigenic determinants recognized by the humoral response. Little is known about the life cycle of T. rangeli in the vertebrate host, although thousands of human and wild animal infections have been reported. Recent studies have revealed 2 major phylogenetic lineages in T. rangeli having different characteristics, thus leading to better understanding of the epidemiology and interactions with this parasite's vertebrate hosts and triatomine vectors. Based on further genetic characterization analysis, the authors have proposed 2 alternative hypotheses and consider that T. rangeli could have had clonal evolution or have been subjected to speciation processes


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Trypanosoma , Biological Evolution , Disease Reservoirs , Host-Parasite Interactions , Insect Vectors , Trypanosoma
15.
Acta méd. colomb ; 27(1): 26-40, ene.-feb. 2002. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-358275

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: realizar una revisión actualizada sobre la cardiomiopatía de Chagas. Fuente de datos: se efectuó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline, Lilacs y Sibra en los siguientes aspectos: reseña histórica, patogenia, fisiopatología, definición de caso, espectro del compromiso cardíaco, experiencia institucional y de otros investigadores en el país y finalmente las bases y enfoque actual del tratamiento etiológico. Selección del estudio: se estudiaron 79 trabajos que informaban sobre las tópicos relacionados con el tema. Extracción de datos: los artículos se clasificaron según se trataran de revisiones, artículos originales o informes de casos. Recopilamos y analizamos los artículos originales y luego elaboramos la revisión, el resumen y las conclusiones. Síntesis de datos y conclusiones: los estudios demuestran que la cardiomiopatía de Chagas es la causa más frecuente de cardiomiopatía en América Latina con una variable forma de presentación y un importante impacto sobre la morbimortalidad. Se resalta el aparente papel del T. cruzi en la patogenia de la fase crónica de la enfermedad, el cual es detectado por técnicas de PCR hasta en 63 por ciento de los casos. Se presenta la propuesta de tratamiento etiológico de la enfermedad publicada por la OPS y la OMS.


Subject(s)
Chagas Cardiomyopathy/diagnosis , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/physiopathology , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/history , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/drug therapy , Chagas Cardiomyopathy
16.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 21(4): 320-327, dic. 2001. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-315796

ABSTRACT

En 1998, se presentaron en Colombia 256.697 casos de malaria: 132.712 por Plasmodium falciparum, 121.161 por Plasmodium vivax y 2.824 infecciones mixtas. Dada esta situación, el Programa de Malaria del Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia se propuso evaluar la PCR anidada frente a la gota gruesa, como método alternativo para el diagnóstico de malaria. Se utilizó la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) anidada para amplificar secuencias variables de genes de la subunidad ribosomal pequeña 18S (ssrARN) de P. falciparum y P. vivax. Para evaluar la PCR, se recolectaron 102 muestras de pacientes febriles en Quibdó (Chocó) y se determinó la presencia de parásitos tanto por PCR como por observación microscópica (gota gruesa). Los resultados de las dos puebas se compararon entre sí. Los criterios de evaluación fueron: precisión, exactitud, límite de detección, sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) e índice kappa. La PCR anidada presentó una sensibilidad general del 100 por ciento: 96,7 por ciento para P. vivax y 100 por ciento para P. falciparum. La especificidad general para P. vivax y para P. falciparum fue del 100 por ciento. El VPP general de la prueba fue de 90 por ciento y el VPN fue de 90,3 por ciento, para P. vivax, el VPP fue de 77,0 por ciento y el VPN DE 90,6; por ciento para P. falciparum, el VPP fue de 66,1 por ciento y el VPN de 94,3 por ciento. El índice kappa general fue de 1 y el de especie fue de 0.96. El límite de detección del ADN parasitario fue de 10 fg/ml. La PCR anidada detectó una muestra con infección mixta de P. vivax y P. falciparum que, por gota gruesa, dio resultado positivo para P. vivax. Se recomienda el uso de PCR anidada como método de tamizaje en estudios epidemiológicos para la evaluación del Programa de Control Nacional de Malaria, en estudios orientados a detectar de manera temprana parasitemias en pacientes tratados cuya posible causa pueda ser la resistencia a los antimaláricos y como prueba de referencia para evaluar nuevos métodos diagnósticos


Subject(s)
Malaria , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Epidemiologic Studies
17.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 96(8): 1043-1048, Nov. 2001. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-304638

ABSTRACT

Domiciliated Rhodnius prolixus and sylvatic R. colombiensis were analyzed in order to confirm their genetic divergence and verify the risk that the latter represents in the domiciliation process, and to provide tools for identifying the sources of possible reinfestation by triatomines in human dwellings allowing control programs to be undertaken. Comparison of random amplified polymorphic DNA amplification patterns and cluster analysis suggests reproductive discontinuity between the two species. The calculated statistical F value of 0.24 and effective migration rate of 0.6 individuals per generation are insufficient to maintain genetic homogeneity between them and confirm the absence of present genetic flow. R. colombiensis presents higher intrapopulation variability. Polymerase chain reaction of ribosomal DNA supports these findings. The low genetic flow between the two species implies that R. colombiensis do not represent an epidemiological risk for the domiciliary transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Tolima Department. The lower variability of the domiciliated R. prolixus could result in greater susceptibility to the use of pesticides in control programs


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , DNA, Ribosomal/analysis , Insect Vectors , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique , Rhodnius , DNA Primers , Species Specificity , Polymorphism, Genetic
18.
Acta méd. colomb ; 26(3): 116-121, mayo-jun. 2001. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-358390

ABSTRACT

Introducción: en la enfermedad de Chagas, con los métodos parasitológicos convencionales sólo se detecta un número reducido de parásitos en los individuos infectados crónicamente lo que ha conducido a la teoría que sugiere que los hallazgos clínicos y anatomopatológicos pueden ser primariamente autoinmunes en su origen. Objetivo: establecer si la detección de antígenos de T. cruzi circulantes por la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en pacientes con diagnóstico de cardiomiopatía chagásica crónica (criterios OMS) puede relacionarse con la severidad de la enfermedad. Métodos: evaluación clínica y paraclínica (electrocardiograma de rutina, radiografía de tórax, ecocardiograma doppler color, test de Holter de 24 horas y/o estudio electrofisiológico) asociada a la realización de una prueba de PCR efectuada en sangre y suero. La severidad en la cardiomiopatía fue definida por la presencia de uno o más de los siguientes hallazgos: disfunción ventricular izquierda (<40 por ciento), disfunción del nodo sinusal, bloqueo auriculoventricular completo y taquicardia ventricular sostenida. Tipo de estudio: observacional analítico de corte transversal. Análisis estadístico: se comparó la prevalencia de los hallazgos definidos como severidad de la cardiomiopatía entre los pacientes con y sin detección de antígenos circulantes por PCR. Se calcularon los riesgos relativos con intervalos de confianza del 95 por ciento. El valor de p considerado como estadísticamente significativo fue de ¿0.05. Resultados: se estudiaron 64 pacientes, 29 hombres y 35 mujeres , edad media 55.5 ±13 años. En 34 de los 64 pacientes (55 por ciento) se encontraron antígenos de T. cruzi circulantes por PCR. No se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa con relación a la edad, el género, ni con la severidad de la cardiomiopatía entre el grupo de pacientes con antígenos de T. cruzi circulantes comparado con el grupo en el que este hallazgo no fue encontrado. Conclusión: Se detectó una infección activa o la presencia de antígenos circulantes de T. cruzi por la PCR en el 55 por ciento de los pacientes con diagnóstico de cardiomiopatía chagásica crónica. No se encontró ninguna relación entre la presencia de antígenos de T. cruzi circulantes y la severidad de la cardiomiopatía en esta población. Otros mecanismos posiblemente de tipo autoinmune pueden estar relacionados con la severidad de la cardiomiopatía en estos casos.


Subject(s)
Chagas Cardiomyopathy/diagnosis , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/immunology , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/parasitology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Polymerase Chain Reaction
19.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 20(4): 344-60, dic. 2000. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-278210

ABSTRACT

Se presenta la distribución geográfica y la importancia epidemiológica en la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas de las 23 especies de triatominos presentes en Colombia, tomando como base los registros bibliográficos existentes en el país y las colecciones de referencia del Laboratorio de Entomología del Instituto Nacional de Salud y del Centro de Investigaciones Microbiología y Parasitologpía Tropical de la Universidad de los Andes; además se realiza un análisis de la condiciones ecológicas en las cuales han sido registrados triatominos en los países con fronteras con Colombia para poder establecer la presencia de posibles especies que aún no se han registrado en nuestro país. De esta manera, existe las posibilidad de tener en Colombia especies con hábitos silvestres como: Alberprosenia malheiroi, Belminus laportei y Cavernicola lenti, presentes todas ellas en los departamentos amazónicos; Triatoma nigromacula en la Cordillera Oriental y con hábitos intradomiciliarios; Panstrongylus chinai con posibilidad de encontrarse en hábitats selváticos o en las viviendas de los colonos de la Amazonia debido a su atracción por la luz y Alberprosenia goyovargasi en hábitats silvestres de la frontera con Venezuela. Se resalta la importancia de la vigilancia entomológica a nivel nacional como estrategia para reforzar los estudios de triatominos silvestres en Colombia


Subject(s)
Animals , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Triatominae/classification , Reduviidae/classification
20.
Medicina (Bogotá) ; 22(53): 96-104, ago. 2000.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-307184

ABSTRACT

La categorización de áreas endémicas en alto, mediano y bajo riesgo, constituye una importante y valiosa herramienta que permite a las autoridades de la salud iniciar de manera ordenada y lógica las actividades de control en una zona determinada a la vez que permite asignar los recursos de manera prioritaria. Algunas de las metodologías que describe el documento se han aplicado también en algunos países centroamericanos. Si se logra trabajar con metodologías uniformes en las iniciativas de los Países Andinos y Centroamericanos será màs fácil la evaluación de las actividades de control. El mapa resume las actividades de la fase exploratoria realizada en 9 departamentos y las futuras que se llevarán a cabo en seis departamentos más. Se estima que el 55/100 del territorio nacional es área endémica de transmisión vectorial. En la primera etapa de la fase exploratoria se cubrió en 44/100 de esa área y en la segunda etapa se cubrirá el 30/100. La población total bajo riesgo de infección debido a la presencia de insectos vectores es de 2.900.000 individuos. Durante la primera etapa se cubrió el 62/100 de esa población y durante la segunda etapa se cubrirá un 14/100


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Colombia
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL